Malocclusion is the misalignment of teeth and improper positioning of the jaws when the mouth is closed. This condition can affect both the appearance of a person's smile and oral functions such as chewing, biting, and speaking. In severe cases, malocclusion may lead to jaw pain and dental issues like teeth grinding, tooth decay, and gum disease.
Types of Malocclusion
Class I Malocclusion (Neutrocclusion) | The upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth, but the bite is generally normal. However, individual teeth might be misaligned or rotated. |
Class II Malocclusion (Distocclusion) | Commonly known as an overbite (or deep bite in severe cases), this occurs when the upper teeth severely overlap the lower teeth, often due to the upper jaw being positioned too far forward or the lower jaw being set too far back. This can lead to excessive wear on the teeth, jaw pain, speech and breathing problems, and headaches. Early orthodontic intervention is important as treatment in adults can be lengthy. |
Class III Malocclusion (Mesiocclusion) | This type, known as an underbite, is characterized by the lower teeth protruding beyond the upper teeth. It's often caused by the lower jaw being too far forward or the upper jaw being set too far back. Patients with an underbite experience many of the same complications as those with an overbite. |
Open Bite | An open bite occurs when some teeth don't make proper contact with opposing teeth, leaving a gap when the jaws are closed. This results in chewing problems and cosmetic concerns. |
Crossbite | Crossbite happens when some upper teeth are positioned behind the lower teeth when the jaws are closed. It can occur in both the front and back teeth. A crossbite often causes misaligned jaw growth. |
Crowding | Crowding is a common type of malocclusion where there isn't enough space int he mouth for all teeth to fit properly, causing them to overlap or become misaligned. Crowded teeth are more difficult to clean than straight teeth, resulting in more cavities (tooth decay). |
Excessive Spacing (Diastema) | Excessive spacing or gaps between teeth can occur if the dental arch is wide or if some teeth are missing or too small. Many people are genetically prone to this condition but it may also develop because of an abnormal swallowing reflex in which your tongue presses against your front teeth. The most common complaint from patients is cosmetic. |
Causes of Malocclusion
Genetics: Hereditary factors play a significant role in the development of malocclusion. The size and shape of jaws and teeth can be inherited from parents.
Thumb Sucking and Pacifier Use: Prolonged thumb sucking, bottle use, and/or pacifier use can impact the proper growth and alignment of teeth and jaws, leading to malocclusion.
Lip Sucking: Chronic lip sucking often creates more severe malocclusion than does thumb sucking and tongue thrusting.
Mouth Breathing: Chronic mouth breathing, often due to allergies or enlarged tonsils, can affect the positioning of the teeth and jaws.
Trauma or Injury: Accidents or injuries that affect the jaws or teeth can lead to malocclusion.
Premature Tooth Loss: Losing baby teeth too early or adult teeth not erupting properly can create gaps or cause misalignment.
Treatment Options
Orthodontic Treatment: Braces, clear aligners, and other orthodontic appliances are commonly used to correct malocclusion by gradually moving teeth into their proper positions.
Jaw Surgery: In severe cases, surgical intervention might be required to correct the alignment of the jaws.
Tooth Extraction: In cases of severe crowding, extracting one or more teeth might be necessary to create enough space for proper alignment.
Early Intervention: Addressing malocclusion issues in childhood through orthodontic treatment can help guide proper jaw and tooth development. Routine dental checkups throughout early childhood (before age 8) are crucial.
Retainers: After orthodontic treatment, wearing retainers helps maintain the corrected alignment and prevent relapse.
Malocclusion is a common dental issue that can affect both oral health and appearance. If you suspect you have malocclusion or have concerns about the alignment of your teeth and jaws, consult with a dentist or orthodontist. With proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment, malocclusion can be corrected, leading to improved dental health and a confident smile.